Cameo glass is a luxury form of glass art produced by cameo glass engraving or etching and carving through fused layers of differently colored glass to produce designs, usually with white opaque glass figures and motifs on a dark-colored background. The technique is first seen in Roman art of about 30 BC, where it was an alternative to the more luxurious engraved gem vessels in cameo style that used naturally layered semi-precious gemstones such as onyx and agate.[Lightfoot] Glass allowed consistent and predictable colored layers, even for round objects.[Trentinella]
From the mid-19th century there was a revival of cameo glass, suited equally to Neo-Grec taste and the French Art Nouveau practiced by Émile Gallé. Cameo glass is still produced today.
Roman glass
Roman cameo glass is fragile, and thus extremely rare—much more so than natural gemstone cameos such as the
Gemma Augustea and
Gonzaga Cameo, which are among the largest examples of many hundreds (at least) of surviving classical cameos produced from the 3rd century BC onward. Only about 200 fragments and 15 complete objects of early Roman cameo glass survive.
[Whitehouse, 41. The Corning Museum of Glass has 40 pieces, all cataloged in Whitehouse.] The most famous example of these, and also among the best preserved, is the
Portland Vase in the
British Museum.
Other fine examples, such as the Morgan Cup (Corning Museum of Glass), are drinking cups. Both of these named pieces show complex multi-figured mythological scenes, whose
iconography has been much debated.
[Full catalogue entry for the Morgan Cup in Whitehouse, 49–51.] The
Getty Villa has another cup,
[ Getty Museum Studies 32 (1990:] and a perfume bottle with scenes of Egyptian deities.
[ Getty Cup and perfume bottle .] The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York has a fragment over 11 inches (28 cm) long and 5 inches (13 cm) high from what was evidently an architectural
revetment showing an acanthus
frieze with eagles,
[ Metropolitan Museum of Art frieze fragment] the luxurious equivalent in glass of a "
Campana relief" in pottery.
Judging from the very limited number of survivals, cameo glass was apparently produced in two periods: the early period about 30 BC to 60 AD, and then for about a century from the late-3rd century to the period of Constantine the Great and his sons. The latter period also saw a brief court revival of the art of gem-carving, which had been in decline. All these dates are somewhat tentative,[Trentinella. See also Whitehouse, 50 and passim.] and it is possible that smaller gem-like pieces of cameo glass continued to be produced between these periods.[Whitehouse, 49]
Glass from the later period is even rarer than from the earlier, with only a "handful" of complete pieces known, one of which was excavated in Norway.[Whitehouse, 41.] Its use was clearly restricted to the elite; the Portland Vase is said to have been excavated from the tomb of the Emperor Septimius Severus, for whom it would have been a 200-year-old antique. The most popular color scheme for objects from the early period is white over blue, as in the vase from Pompeii ( illustration), but other colors are found, such as the white over black, imitating onyx, of the Portland Vase. In the early period usually all layers are opaque. By contrast, in the later period, there is a translucent colored overlay over a virtually colorless background, perhaps imitating rock crystal. The surface of the top layer elements is flat rather than carved as in the earlier group of pieces.[Whitehouse, 41]
]]
giving grapes to the infant
Dionysus, first century]]
into the Dionysian mysteries, from
Pompeii]]
Later periods
The cameo technique was used in
Islamic art in the 9th and 10th centuries (e.g. in the
Corning Ewer), but then lost until the 18th century in Europe, and not perfected until the 19th century.
[Trentinella] Nineteenth-century English producers of true cameo glass include Thomas Webb and Sons and George Bacchus & Sons,
[Texas A&M] although
ceramic art imitations made popular by
Wedgwood's bi-colored "
jasper ware", imitated by others from the late 18th century onward, are far more common. Like Wedgwood's designers, they usually worked in a more or less
Nneoclassicism style.
[See, for examples, Barbara Morris, "John Flaxman's illustrations to Homer as a design source for glass decoration in the 1870s" The Burlington Magazine 129 No. 1010 (Ma, 1987:318–321); John Flaxman, of course, was also a design source for Wedgwood.] The French medalist Alphonse Eugène Lecheverel, whose work for Richardson's was exhibited in Paris in 1878. Outstanding English cameo glass artisans were Philip Pargeter (1826–1906) and John Northwood (1836–1902), who first successfully reproduced the Portland Vase in cameo glass.
[ Texas A&M University, Memorial Student Center: English Cameo Glass Collection .] and George Woodall.
[Morris 1987:321.] Cameo glass, roughed out by the etching process provided a popular substitute for genuine cameos in
and plaques and similar uses, and there are still many producers today.
Artistically the most notable work since the revival was in the Art Nouveau period, by makers such as Émile Gallé (1846–1904) and Daum of Nancy, when Roman-inspired subjects and color schemes were totally abandoned, and plant and flower designs predominate. Louis Comfort Tiffany made only a small number of cameo pieces, which were a French specialty in this period, though other firms such as the Czech Moser Glass were also producers.
Peking glass
Introduction of glass-working methods by Jesuits resulted in a Chinese form of Cameo glass,
Peking glass.
[Boda,Yang. Study of glass wares from the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911). 1983.] As with European Cameo glass, a textured image is created by carving away layers of glass from the core object.
Techniques
In the modern revival all of the top layer except the areas needed for the design are usually removed by an etching process—the figure areas are covered with a resist layer of
wax or some other acid-resistant material such as bituminous paint, and the
Glass blank repeatedly dipped in hydrofluoric acid, so that cameo glass is in some sense a sub-set of
Glass etching. The detailed work is then done with wheels and drills, before finishing, and usually polishing.
[Texas A&M Production ] It seems that in the ancient world the entire process of removing the unwanted white or other top layer was done by drills and wheels—wheel-cut decoration on glass of a single color was very common in ancient Rome. In the case of "three-layer" (or three-color) cameo, there is another layer of glass on top of the white opaque one, and further layers are possible. One Roman piece uses a record six layers.
[Whitehouse, 51-2 (No. 48, full catalog entry)] It is not known where the Roman pieces were produced, but for want of any better suggestion most scholars think in the capital itself. It appears likely that at least the making of the blanks was initially in the hands of imported Syrian glass-workers.
[Honour, Google books ]
Contemporary Innovations
In the 21st century, artists have developed new methods for producing cameo glass using digital tools and non-traditional mold-making processes. One contemporary approach involves designing detailed relief imagery using 3D modeling software and producing a positive form with a 3D printer. This form is then duplicated using an intermediary mold material to produce a final refractory mold, bypassing traditional wax-carving or acid etching methods.
Unlike traditional cameo glass, which relies on engraving or acid etching to remove material, this method controls tonal contrast through variations in glass relief depth rather than surface carving. By layering glass and employing precise mold-making techniques, it achieves continuous tone imagery with subtle shading effects, differing from the stark contrast of traditional cameo work. This innovative approach was recognized in
New Glass Review 39 by the Corning Museum of Glass, highlighting its impact on modern kiln-glass practices.
See also
Notes
-
Hugh Honour and John Fleming, A World History of Art, 1982 & revised eds, Macmillan, London
-
Lightfoot, Christopher. "Luxury Arts of Rome". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. (February 2009, retr. 23 September, 2009),
-
Trentinella, Rosemarie. "Roman Cameo Glass". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–9. link (October 2003, retr. 16 September, 2009)
-
Texas A&M University Museum Exhibition feature George Woodall and the Art of English Cameo Glass.
-
Whitehouse, David. Roman glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Volume 1 Corning Museum of Glass. Google books
External links
